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title: "ChEn 433 Coal"
date: Class 14
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# Coal Rank
<img src="http://www.uky.edu/KGS/coal/images/5_coal%20rank%20banner.jpg" title="http://www.uky.edu/KGS/coal/images/5_coal%20rank%20banner.jpg" width=700 alt="image">

<img src="coal_ranks.png" title="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mona-Zahedi/publication/342693559/figure/fig2/AS:909701952851969@1593901255895/From-left-to-right-peat-lignite-sub-bituminous-bituminous-and-anthracite-coal-14.jpg" width=700 alt="image">

## Coal Rank
::: {.columns}
::: {.column} 
<div style="padding-left:50px">
[Increasing coal rank...](https://www.usgs.gov/faqs/what-are-types-coal?qt-news_science_products=0#qt-news_science_products)

1. (Peat): coal precursor; soft organic partly decayed plant matter
2. Lignite: brown coal; high moisture; low heating value
3. Subbituminous: dull black; electricicy
4. Bituminous: high heating value; electricity, steel
5. Anthracite: hard, brittle, high carbon
</div>
:::
::: {.column} 
<img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Coal_Rank_USGS.png/1024px-Coal_Rank_USGS.png" title="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Coal_Rank_USGS.png/1024px-Coal_Rank_USGS.png" width=600 alt="image">
:::
:::

## Coal composition
<img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Struktura_chemiczna_w%C4%99gla_kamiennego.svg/1920px-Struktura_chemiczna_w%C4%99gla_kamiennego.svg.png" title="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Struktura_chemiczna_w%C4%99gla_kamiennego.svg/1920px-Struktura_chemiczna_w%C4%99gla_kamiennego.svg.png" width=1000 alt="image">

## 1,2 dimethyl chickenwire
<img src="chickenwire.svg" title="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicken_wire_(chemistry)#/media/File:1,2-dimethyl-chickenwire2.svg" width=1000 alt="image">

## Coal composition
[Skyline coal (bituminous)](https://www.researchgate.net/figure/1-Skyline-coal-analysis_tbl1_255206013)

::: {.columns}
::: {.column}

<p style="color:green">
**Proximate analysis (as received)**
</p>

| Component    |  wt%  |
|--------------|-------|
| Moisture     | 9.52  |
| Volatiles    | 37.83 |
| Fixed Carbon | 44.56 |
| Ash          | 8.10  |

:::
::: {.column}

<p style="color:red">
**Ultimate analysis (dry)**
</p>

| Component    | wt%   |
|--------------|-------|
| Carbon       | 73.52 |
| Hydrogen     | 5.19  |
| Nitrogen     |  1.32 |
| Sulfer       | 0.58  |
| Oxygen       | 10.46 |
| Ash          | 8.95  |
:::
:::

Higher Heating value = 12407 Btu/lb (dry)

::: {.math}
($\text{HHV}=\Delta H_\text{comb}=-\Delta H_\text{rxn}$, water in products as liquid)
:::

# U.S. Coal Deposits
<img src="https://d9-wret.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/assets/palladium/production/s3fs-public/thumbnails/image/figure_1_final_copy.jpg" title="https://d9-wret.s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/assets/palladium/production/s3fs-public/thumbnails/image/figure_1_final_copy.jpg" width=1200 alt="image">

## U.S. Coal Power Plants
:::{.columns}
:::{.column}
<img src="https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/images/2017.04.17/tab1.png" title="https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/images/2017.04.17/tab1.png" width=1200 alt="image">
:::
:::{.column}

[US Coal Plants](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_coal-fired_power_stations_in_the_United_States)

* 241 plants in 2019
* 236 GW installed capacity
* 23% of US electricity
:::
:::

## U.S. plants start dates
<img src="https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/images/2017.04.17/main.png" title="https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/images/2017.04.17/main.png" width=1400 alt="image">

[88% of coal capacity](https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=30812) installed over 30 years ago

## China
:::{.columns}
:::{.column}

[Chinese Coal Plants](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-021-21786-0)  

<img src="https://media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41467-021-21786-0/MediaObjects/41467_2021_21786_Fig1_HTML.png?as=webp" title="https://media.springernature.com/lw685/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41467-021-21786-0/MediaObjects/41467_2021_21786_Fig1_HTML.png?as=webp" width=1200 alt="image">
:::
:::{.column}

[Wiki](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal_in_China)  

* \>1000 plants
* 184 plants under construction in 2020
* 58% of Chinese energy in 2019 
    * 80% in 2010 

<img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/China-energy-consumption-by-source.svg/1920px-China-energy-consumption-by-source.svg.png" title="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/China-energy-consumption-by-source.svg/1920px-China-energy-consumption-by-source.svg.png" width=1200 alt="image">
:::
:::


# Coal power plant
<img src="coalPP.png" title="Steam: its generation and use, 41st edition, page 39" height=900 alt="image">

::: notes
* Pulverizers: Tin = 400 F, Tout = 170 F. Difference is drying of the coal
    * Then coal is fully dried when it enters the furnace (dewatered)
    * Coal particle size is ~ 50 micron
* Quarl
    * Shapes the flame, but the ceramic also captures/collects radiative heat and reradiates back to particles in the burner zone to ignite them.
* Nose: shapes the flow path to avoid bypassing the pendant superheater.
::: 

## Low NOx burner
<img src="slag.png" title="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Alex-Kravets/publication/339221966/figure/fig1/AS:913584099962881@1594826831688/Low-NOx-burners-slagging-high-iron-oxide-coal-in-ash-Mitsui-Babcock-Unit-Taiwan.png" width=600 alt="image">
&emsp;
<img src="https://www.powermag.com/wp-content/uploads/2007/05/520004df23c24-050107_Pollution_Fig1.jpg" title="https://www.powermag.com/wp-content/uploads/2007/05/520004df23c24-050107_Pollution_Fig1.jpg" width=600 alt="image">

[Low NOx Combustion Retrofit Options (article)](https://www.powermag.com/pollution-control-low-nox-combustion-retrofit-options/)

## Steam drum
<img src="steam_drum1.png" title="Steam 41st edition" height=600 alt="image">
<img src="https://thermopedia.com/content/5657/1260V-LSFig2.gif" title="https://thermopedia.com/content/5657/1260V-LSFig2.gif" height=600 alt="image">



# Furnace types--stoker
<img src="stoker.png" title="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Stanislaw-Anweiler/publication/324170718/figure/fig2/AS:611315525636097@1522760387911/Schematic-layout-of-the-stoker-boiler-under-investigation-with-a-deslagger-with-tub.png" height=600 alt="image">

::: {.math}
* Smaller size units
* Crushed coal, not pulverized
* Variable fuel
:::

## Pulverized coal furnaces

[PC furnaces](https://www.thermopedia.com/content/5487/PuICF1.gif)

<img src="https://www.thermopedia.com/content/5487/PuICF1.gif" height=500 alt="image">

\(a) front-wall fired &emsp; (b) opposed-wall-fired &emsp; (c) corner-fired

## Corner fired

<img src="https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0306261919300844-gr1.jpg" title="https://www.power-eng.com/content/dam/etc/medialib/new-lib/power-engineering/print-articles/2011/april/64525.res/_jcr_content/renditions/original.res" height=500 alt="image">
<img src="https://www.power-eng.com/content/dam/etc/medialib/new-lib/power-engineering/print-articles/2011/april/64525.res/_jcr_content/renditions/original.res" title="https://www.power-eng.com/content/dam/etc/medialib/new-lib/power-engineering/print-articles/2011/april/64525.res/_jcr_content/renditions/original.res" height=500 alt="image">

## [Cyclones](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclone_furnace)
<img src="cyclone1.png" title="Steam 41st edition" height=500 alt="image">
&emsp;
<img src="cyclone2.png" title="Steam 41st edition" height=500 alt="image">


# L1500 Turbulent Coal Jet

<iframe width="1422" height="800" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/xi2kOX1GdLA?cc_load_policy=1" title="YouTube video player" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe>

## L1500 Turbulent Coal Jet
<img src="L1500.jpg" height=800 alt="image">

## L1500 Turbulent Coal Jet

<iframe width="1422" height="800" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/6pi_LZXcmUQ?cc_load_policy=1" title="YouTube video player" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe>

::: notes
- camera has some issues adjusting
- note when the coal is turned off, then back on with the flashback
- can see unburned coal in the furnace (black dusty cloud) at some times
:::

## OFC coal flame detail
<iframe width="1422" height="800" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/VvX9TO6ykWo?cc_load_policy=1" title="YouTube video player" frameborder="0" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen></iframe>

::: notes
- can see regions of coal the are not burning and also some places where the coal cloud ignites
:::


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