---
title: "ChEn 433 Emissions"
author: David Lignell
date: Class 3
lang: en-US
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# Pollutants
:::::: {.cols2}
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**List, categories**

::: fragment

* Fossil fuel combustion
    * NO$_x$
    * SO$_2$
    * CO
    * Unburned Hydrocarbons
    * Particulate
    * CO$_2$
* Greenhouse gases
    * CO$_2$
    * CH$_4$
* Albedo effects (particulate)
:::
::: fragment
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***Consider the roles of different energy sources in environmental impacts.***
:::
:::

:::
::: {.col2-v}
<img src="https://notesfrompoland.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/12507535014_ad3a742acd_4k-scaled.jpg" title="insert scary coal pollution here" width=600 alt="image">
<img src="utah_inversion.jpg" title="https://mountaintownnews.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/SLCTempInversion-2010Jan-JudeTibay.jpg" width=600 alt="image" alt="image">
:::
::::::

# SO$_2$
<iframe width="1600px" height="900px" src="https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=37752" ></iframe>

## SO$_2$
<img src="so2_us.png" width=1200 alt="image" alt="image">

[1970 Clean Air Act](https://environmentallaw.uslegal.com/federal-laws/clean-air-act/), 
[Summary](https://www.epa.gov/laws-regulations/summary-clean-air-act)

## SO$_2$
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* Due to sulfur in fuel: coal, diesel, ...
* S $→$ SO$_2$, SO$_3$
    - all is converted (unlike NO$_x$)
    - $y_{SO_2}/y_{SO_3} = 3570$ at equilibrium, but combustion SO$_3$ is greater than at equilibrium, a few % of SO$_2$.
* Utah coal example: C$_{64}$H$_{32}$N$_{0.67}$S$_{0.3}$O$_{2.5}$, or 1% S by mass
    - combustion $→$ 822 ppmv SO$_2$
* SO$_2$ $→$ SO$_3$ via OH in gas phase, or via $H_2O$ absorption
    - $→$ H$_2$SO$_4$ via H$_2$O $→$ acid rain
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<img src="s_in_fuel.png" width=800 alt="image" alt="image">
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:::

## Acid rain
<img src="acid_rain.png" width=1600 alt="image" alt="image">
*From a castle in Westphalia, Germany*

## SO$_2$ Control
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:::::: {.col2-vp}
* Remove S from the fuel
    * Why is sulfur removed from gasoline?
* Remove SO$_x$ from efluent streams
* [Wet or dry scrubbers](https://www.machengineering.com/wet-vs-dry-industrial-scrubbers-for-air-pollution/)
    * [Comparisons](https://sensorex.com/wet-vs-dry-industrial-scrubbers/)
* Reduce SO$_2$ with limestone or lime 

    - CaCO$_3$ + SO$_2$ + 2H$_2$O $→$ CaSO$_3$ $⋅$ 2H$_2$O + CO$_2$
    - CaO + SO$_2$ + 2H$_2$O $→$ CaSO$_3$ $⋅$ 2H$_2$O
::::::
:::::: {.col2-v}
<img src="https://www.babcock.com/assets/Images-on-Page/Wet-FGD-Drawing-1000x1000-Babcock-Wilcox__ResizedImageWzYwMCw2MDBd.gif" width=800 alt="image" alt="image">
::::::
:::

## SO$_2$
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<!--
<iframe width="800" height="1000px" src="https://www.power-eng.com/emissions/us-coal-fired-power-plants-invested-more-than-30bn-on-scrubbers/" ></iframe>
-->
<img src="scrubber_article.png" width="800" alt="image" alt="image">
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<img src="https://www.desmog.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/hunter-coal-power-plant-utah_credit-arbyreed_creative-commons.jpg" width=800 alt="image" alt="image">
::::::
:::


# NO$_x$
::: {.columns}
:::: {.column}
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* NO and NO$_2$
* Formed during combustion at high temperatures
    * due to N in the fuel and N$_2$ in air
* Control
    - Combustion modifications
    - Emission cleanup

<img src="nox_emissions_1.png" width=800 title="Turns, and Introduction to Combustion, page 577" alt="image" alt="image">
:::::
::::
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<img src="nox_equilibrium.png" width=800 title="equilibrium NOx" alt="image" alt="image">
<br>
<img src="nox_emissions_2.png" width=800 title="Turns, and Introduction to Combustion, page 577" alt="image" alt="image">
::::
:::

## NO$_x$ combustion control
<img src="nox_control.png" width=1200 title="Turns, and Introduction to Combustion 4th edition, page 578" alt="image" alt="image">

## Low NO$_x$ burner

<img src="nox_burner_1.png" height=700 alt="image" alt="image">
<img src="http://www.coaleducation.org/technology/clean_coal/lowNOxburner.jpg" height=700 alt="image" alt="image">


## NO$_x$ post-combustion control
[Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selective_catalytic_reduction)
<img src="https://power.mhi.com/media/356346/download" width=1200 alt="image" alt="image">

*[Article](https://www.powermag.com/managing-the-catalysts-of-a-combustion-turbine-fleet/): Managing the catalysts of a combustion turbine fleet.*

::: notes
AIG is ammonia injection grid
HRSG is heat recovery steam generator
:::

## NO$_x$: Lake Side Power Station, Vinyard, UT
<img src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Lake_Side_Power_Plant.jpg/700px-Lake_Side_Power_Plant.jpg" width=1200 alt="image" alt="image">

# Particulates
* Vehicles, cars and diesel trucks
* Coal
    - ash, soot
* Secondary particles
    - NOx, SOx, unburned HC form particles in the atmosphere
* Control
    - soot reduction
    - collection
* Devices
    - baghouse 
    - electrostatic precipitator
    - cyclones (for the big stuff)

## Particles: news
* [KSL: air quality, fire smoke](https://kslnewsradio.com/2132507/utahs-air-quality-worsens-but-there-is-an-end-in-sight/)

* [PNAS article: Wildfire smoke impacts on indoor air quality assessed using crowdsourced data in California](https://www.pnas.org/content/118/36/e2106478118)

* [UNICEF: Death by Air Pollution](https://www.unicef.org/press-releases/air-pollution-accounted-81-million-deaths-globally-2021-becoming-second-leading-risk#:~:text=Press%20release-,Air%20pollution%20accounted%20for%208.1%20million%20deaths%20globally%20in%202021,for%20children%20under%20five%20years)

## Particle sources, sizes
<img src="particles_1.png" title="de Nevers, Air Pollution Control Engineering" height=900 alt="image" alt="image">

## Particle terminal velocity
<img src="particles_2.png" title="de Nevers, Air Pollution Control Engineering" height=900 alt="image" alt="image">

## Particle environment
<img src="particles_3.png" title="de Nevers, Air Pollution Control Engineering" height=900 alt="image" alt="image">

## Baghouse
<img src="baghouse_1.png" width=840 alt="image" alt="image">
<img src="https://www.baghouse.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Shaker-Dust-Collector-Inside-View.jpg" width=600 alt="image" alt="image">
[cleaning](https://blog.dustcollectorhq.com/cleaning-baghouse-filter-could-be-a-bad-thing)

::: notes
flow is from the outside of the bags to the inside of the bags
:::

## ESP
<img src="https://www.babcock.com/assets/Articles/ESP-Configuration-Babcock-Wilcox.jpeg" width=640 alt="image" alt="image">
<img src="https://i.stack.imgur.com/Cztjy.png" width=800 alt="image" alt="image">

[ESP vs Baghouse](https://blog.slyinc.com/electrostatic-precipitators-vs.-baghouse-dust-collectors)  
[Also this site](https://www.mheavytechnology.com/news/bag-house-filter-vs-electrostatic-precipitator/)